Intii u dhaxaysay 1484 iyo 1750, ilaa 200,000 oo saaxiriin ah ayaa la jidh dilay, la gubay ama la deldelay galbeedka Yurub. Badankoodu waxay ahaayeen dumar – qaar badan oo ka mid ah waa da’, nugul iyo sabool.

Sannadkii 1563-dii, sixir bararka ayaa dembi weyn laga dhigay England, Scotland, Wales iyo Ireland. Halkan waxaa ah 5 kiis oo ka mid ah kiiskii ugu caansanaa ee sixiroolayaasha ee Britain.

1. North Berwick (1590)

Tijaabooyinkii North Berwick waxay noqdeen kiiskii ugu weynaa ee ugu weynaa ee sixirka Scotland.

In ka badan 70 qof oo ka soo jeeda Bariga Lothian, Scotland, ayaa lagu eedeeyay sixir – oo uu ku jiro Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell.

Sannadkii 1589, James VI ee Scotland (kadib James I ee England) waxa uu u dhoofay Copenhagen si uu u soo qaado aroosadiisa cusub, Anne ee Denmark. Laakiin dabaylaha ayaa aad u darnaa oo lagu qasbay inuu dib u soo laabto.

King James I of England (iyo James VI of Scotland) ee John de Critz, 1605 (Credit: Museo del Prado).

Boqorku waxa uu dabaylahaas dusha ka saaray sixir bararka,isaga oo aaminsan in sixiroole uu u dhoofay Firth of Forth isaga oo damacsan in uu burburiyoQorshayaasha.

Dhawr akhyaar ah oo ka tirsan maxkamadda Scottish-ka ayaa lagu lug yeeshay, waxaana lagu xukumay sixirro gudaha Danmark. Dhammaan dumarkii lagu soo eedeeyay waxay qirteen inay sixirnimo ku galeen, James wuxuu go'aansaday inuu sameeyo maxkamad u gaar ah.

70 qof oo dumar u badan ayaa la ururiyay, jirdil iyo maxkamad la soo taagay, iyadoo lagu eedeeyay inay axdi iyo u yeedhis ku jireen. Shaydaanka oo jooga St. Andrew's Auld Kirk ee Waqooyiga Berwick.

Sixiroolayaasha eedaysanaha waxaa ka mid ahaa Agnes Sampson, oo ah umuliso si weyn loo yaqaan. Waxaa la horkeenay boqorka, ugu dambayntii waxay qiratay inay sabtidii la gashay 200 oo saaxiriin ah, ka dib markii si xun loo jirdilay. 'Xakamaynta Canaantu' - xakame bir ah oo ku jira madaxa. Ugu dambayntii waa la ceejiyey oo lagu gubay geedkii.

Boqorku waxa uu sii waday in uu dhiso guddiyo boqortooyo si ay ugaarsadaan saaxiriinta boqortooyadiisa oo dhan.

> 2. Northamptonshire (1612)

Sawirka haweenay la “dhagay” laga soo qaatay cutubka qarnigii 18-aad (Credit: John Ashton)

22 Luulyo 1612, 5 rag ah iyo Haweenka ayaa lagu toogtay Abington Gallows, Northampton, sababo la xiriira sixirro kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dilka iyo sixridda doofaarka.kiisas la diiwaan galiyay oo "dungiska" loo adeegsaday hab lagu ugaarsado saaxiriinta.

Dhibaatooyinka biyuhu waxay la xidhiidhaan ugaarsiga sixirka ee qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad. Waxa la rumaysan yahay in eedaysanaha quustay aanu waxba galabsan, kuwa sabbaynayana ay dambiile yihiin.

Buuggiisi 1597 ee ku saabsan sixirka, 'Daemonologie', King James wuxuu ku andacoodey in biyuhu ay yihiin shay saafi ah oo ay iska celiyaan dembiilaha. .

Tijaabooyinkii Northhamptonsire waxa laga yaabaa inay horudhac u ahaayeen tijaabooyinka sixirka Pendle, kaasoo bilaabmay dhawr toddobaad ka dib.

> 3. Pendle (1612)

Tijaabooyinkii Sixiroolayaasha Pendle waxay ka mid ahaayeen tijaabooyinkii sixirka ee ugu caansanaa taariikhda Ingriiska, waxayna ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu wacnaa ee la diiwaan geliyo qarnigii 17aad.

Tijaabooyinku waxay bilowdeen markii Gabar dhalinyaro ah oo lagu magacaabo Alizon Device, kana timid Pendle Hill ee Lancashire, ayaa lagu eedeeyay inay habaartay dukaanle deegaanka ah oo wax yar ka dib xanuunsaday.

Baaritaan ayaa la bilaabay taasoo keentay in la xiro oo la maxkamadeeyo xubno badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Device. iyo sidoo kale xubno ka tirsan qoys kale oo maxalli ah, Redfernes.

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah asxaabta qoyska ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo eedeeyay inay sixiroolayaal ah oo ka yimid magaalooyinka u dhow, kuwaas oo la sheegay inay ka soo qaybgaleen shir wada jir ah.

Dhammaan 10 qof oo rag iyo dumar ah ayaa la daldalay natiijada maxkamadaynta. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Alizon Devicetaasoo sida ayeeydeed, la sheegay inay ku qanacday inay dembiile tahay sixirka.

Maxkamadda Pendle waxay sii socon doontaa in loo adeegsado horudhac sharci si loogu oggolaado inay marag furaan carruurta ku jirta tijaabooyinka sixirka.

1692 tijaabooyinkii sixiroole ee Salem ee gumaysiga Massachusetts, cadaymaha intiisa badan waxa bixiyay caruur Sawirro soo dhawoow).

4. Bideford (1682)

Tijaabadii sixirka ee Bideford ee Devon waxay timid dhamaadkii sixir bararka ee Britain, kaas oo gaadhay intii u dhaxaysay 1550 iyo 1660. Waxa jiray dhawr kiis oo kaliya oo dil lagu fuliyay sixirka England ka dib dib u soo celinta.

Saddex dumar ah - Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles, iyo Susanna Edwards - ayaa looga shakiyay inay sababeen jirro ku dhacday haweeney maxalli ah si dabiici ah. waxaana lagu toogtay Heavitree, oo ka baxsan Exeter.

Maxkamadeynta ayaa markii dambe waxaa cambaareeyay Lord Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, Sir Francis North, kaas oo ku andacoodey in dacwad oogista - taas oo ku salaysan ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan hadal-maqal - ay si qoto dheer u cilladaysan tahay.

Tijaabadii Bideford waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu dambeeyay ee England ee horseeday dil. Xukunkii dilka ee saaxiriinta ayaa ugu dambayntii lagu baabi'iyay England 1736.

Saddex sixirroole oo lagu fuliyay 1585 magaalada Baden, Switzerland (Credit: Johann Jakob Wick).

5 . Islandmagee(1711)

Intii u dhaxaysay 1710 iyo 1711, 8 dumar ah ayaa la soo taagay maxkamad waxaana lagu helay dambi ah inay sixir ku sameeyeen Islandmagee ee County Antrim maanta Northern Island.

qaylinaysay, aflagaadaysay, aflagaadaysay, tuurtay Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, oo ay si fiican u gashay mar kasta oo wadaad uu halkan u soo dhawaado oo matagayo guryaha sida biinanka, badhamada, cidiyaha, dhalooyinka iyo dhogorta

8 dumarka deegaanka Presbyterian ayaa lagu maxkamadeeyay inay soo abaabuleen haysashada shaydaanka, waxaana lagu xukumay xabsi sanad ah.