Muddo dheer, Neanderthals waxaa loo arkayay 'kale' caadiga ah ee sheekada horumarka aadanaha. Maskaxdii yaraa, hominin-ka-daba-mareen ee ku khasaaray homosapiens-kan 'Ciyaarta Wayn' oo dabar go'ay.

Laakin aragtidaasi way is beddeshay sannadihii u dambeeyay. Thanks to horumarka sayniska cusub, iyo hantida Neanderthal archeology aan haysano badbaado, Archaeologists iyo anthropologists ayaa awooday in ay meesha ka saaraan khuraafaadkan hore. Daah-furyo cusub ayaa daaha ka qaaday wax badan oo ku saabsan hab-nololeedka bulshooyinka Neanderthal ee dhammaan adduunyadii hore. Mid ka mid ah qayb aan caadi ahayn oo ka mid ah hantidan weyn ee macluumaadka ayaa ah waxa ay khubaradu hadda ka hubin karaan cuntada Neanderthals: waxa ku saabsan hilibka iyo dhirta beesha Neanderthal ugaarsade-ururineed ayaa cuntay.

Lagu dhisay si ka duwan

Marka qof uu sheego Neanderthals maanta, waa lagu cafiyi doonaa inaad isla markiiba ka fikirto qaab-dhismeedka jidhkooda ee muuqda. Kuwani waxay ahaayeen kuwa waaweyn, hominins ka weyn - si fiican ugu habboon hab-nololeedyada ficil-buuxa. Taas awgeed, waxay u baahdeen tamar ka badan bini'aadamka caadiga ah maanta. Waxay u baahdeen cunto badan si ay naftooda iyo bulshadoodaba u quudiyaan.

Homo neanderthalensis Skull waxa laga helay 1908 La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France)Commons

Neanderthals waxay cuneen cuntooyin kala duwan. Waxa ay cuneen waxa ay si weyn ugu tiirsanaayeen deegaankooda – xoolaha iyo daaqa ee la noolaa bulshooyinkan taariikhiga ka hor. Dabcan, si loola dagaallamo noocyada kala duwan ee ugaadhsiga, waxaan sidoo kale aragnaa kala duwanaansho weyn oo ku saabsan farsamooyinka ugaarsiga ee ay shaqeeyaan bulshooyinka Neanderthal, oo ku nool meelo kala duwan oo adduunka ah. Qaladna ha samayn, si ay u ugaarsadaan ugaartooda mararka qaarkood-khatarta ah, Neanderthals waxay ahaayeen ugaarsato khabiiro ah. Waxay ahayd inay noqdaan.

Hubka waxaa ka mid ahaa warmo alwaax iyo dhagxaan leh; Dhanka kale xoqoxo iyo qalab kale ayaa loo adeegsaday in si xirfad leh loo gowraco ugaarsiga iyo in laga soo saaro cuntada ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah bakhtiga.

Laakiin waa maxay nooca ugaadhsiga aan ka hadlayno?

Megafauna

Neanderthals waxay u soo ifbaxday nooc ka duwan c.450,000 oo sano ka hor waxayna jireen ilaa 350,000 oo sano ka hor inta aynaan lumin aragtidooda diiwaanka qadiimiga ah. Sidan oo kale waxay ku noolaayeen badhtamihii Palaeolithic. Waxaan caddayn u haynaa bulshooyinkan ka jira guud ahaan Eurasia: laga bilaabo jasiiradaha Ingiriiska ilaa xuduudaha Shiinaha.

Neanderthals waxa ay jirtay wakhti ay qaar ka mid ah megafauna-yadii hore ee taariikhiga ahaa ee ugu caansanaa ay dhex mushaaxayeen adduunka oo dhan. Cilmi-baarayaasha qadiimiga ah waxay hayaan caddaymo badan oo ku saabsan Neanderthals oo ugaarsanaya qaar ka mid ah xayawaankan qadiimiga ah ee qadiimiga ah oo ay ku jiraan mammoths iyo maroodi.

Tusaale ahaan Jasiiradda Jersey,Meeshii aan ognahay in Neanderthals ay joogeen, tuulmo lafo mammoth ah oo la gowracay ayaa laga helay goobta Palaeolithic ee La Cotte de St Brelade. 'Goob dil wadareed' oo suurtagal ah, halkaas oo xoolihii mammoth lagu kaxeeyay jiirarka ay kaxeeyeen ugaarsadaha Neanderthal.

Ugaar yar

Laakiin ugaarsiga Neanderthal kuma koobna oo kaliya megafauna-ga ugu weyn ee ku socday meeraha hore ee taariikhda hore. Waxaan ognahay inay sidoo kale ugaarsadeen ugaar kale: fardo waaweyn, wiyisha, orso, cawsha, deerada iyo wixii la mid ah. Meel kasta oo ay beesha Neanderthal saldhig u tahay, caddaymaha qadiimiga ah waxay soo jeedinayaan inay ugaarsan doonaan ugaadh weyn oo maxalli ah.

Marka lagu daro ugaadhsiga weyn, Neanderthals waxay sidoo kale ugaarsan doontaa ugaadh yar. Ugaarsiga xayawaankan yar ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ka yara yaabay hoos u dhigista mammoth, laakiin waxay u muuqataa inay ahayd qayb aad u muhiim ah oo ka mid ah cuntooyinka Neanderthal badan. Tusaale ahaan, guud ahaan Jasiiradda Iberian, waxaan u haynaa caddaynta Neanderthals cunista noocyo badan oo ugaadh yar ah: bakaylaha, bakaylaha, marmots iyo shimbiraha sida shinbiraha tusaale ahaan.

Oo keliya ma aha ugaadha dhulka waxa la qaawiyey; Goobaha cunnada badda sidoo kale way badbaadaan, iyaga oo diiwaangelinaya sida Neanderthals ay sidoo kale marmar u cuni karto labadaba nolosha badda ee waaweyn iyo kuwa yaryar: dolphins, shaabadood, carsaanyo iyo kalluunka tusaale ahaan. Cuntada aBulshada Neanderthal ee cuntay waxay ku xidhan tahay deegaanka ay degan yihiin.

> Dhirta

Inkasta oo qayb muhiim ah ka ah cuntada Neanderthal, waxaan ognahay in hominins-yadani aysan cunin hilibka oo keliya. Thanks to falanqaynta sayniska ee Neanderthal laftooda ayaa weli ah, waxaan ognahay in dhammaan adduunyadii hore ee cimilada kala duwan, Neanderthals ay cuneen noocyo badan oo dhir ah. Miraha, miraha iyo miraha tusaale ahaan.

Laga soo bilaabo goobaha sida Shanidar Cave ee Bariga dhow, halkaas oo dhowr qofood ay muujinayaan caddaynta cunista miraha sida timirta ka hor dhimashadooda, ilaa Krapina oo ku taal Croatia - halkaas oo dharka laga helay ilkaha Neanderthals ay soo jeedisay in caleenta la cuni karo. dhirtu waxay ahayd qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah qaab nololeedka bulshadan. Neanderthals-kani waxay ahaayeen ugaarsato khabiiro ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen khabiiro soo ururiya.

Cannibalism ka dhexjirta Neanderthals

Xusidda godka Krapina ee Croatia ayaa sidoo kale nagu hoggaamisa arrin aad u xun oo la xiriirta Neanderthals: inay ahaayeen dad cun ah. Krapina lafteedu waxa la bartay in ka badan 100 sano; Hadhaaga Neanderthal ee halkan laga helay waxaa ku jiray calaamado badan oo jidhka ka baxay, taasoo keentay in culimadii hore ay ku andacoonayaan in tani ay calaamad u tahay dad-cunida bulshada dhexdeeda.

Dhawaanahan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, aragtidan waa laga horyimid. Culimada sida Mary Russell ayaa dhawaan ku dooday in haraaga Neanderthal la daweynayosi ka duwan hadhaagii xayawaanka ee laga helay meel u dhow. Haddii ay taasi dhacdo, calaamaduhu ma noqon karaan kuwo la xidhiidha dad-cunista, laakiin leh caado, fal-dambiyeed ka dib? Xabaal labaad malaha?

Dooddu way sii socon doontaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaad mooddaa inay jiraan kiisas ka yimid goobo gaar ah oo muujinaya dad-cuninimo oo ka dhex dhacda kooxaha Neanderthal qaarkood. Laakiin tani may ahayn dhaqan caadi ah; kuwani waa kiisas aan caadi ahayn. Cannibalism ma ahayn tiir-dhexaadka cuntada Neanderthals.

*                             Rebecca Wragg-Sykes  waa khabiir qadiimiga ah, qoraa iyo xubin-sharafeed katirsan Jaamacadda Liverpool. , buuggeedii ugu horreeyay KINDRED: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art waa acclaimed iyo abaal-marin aad loogu riyaaqay: quus qoto dheer galay cilmiga qarniga 21aad iyo fahamka kuwan qaraabada ah qadiimiga ah.