Qalfoofka iyo qaabka dinosaur hore, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, ee Matxafka Goobta Taariikhda Dabiiciga ah, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Xuquuqda Sawirka: AGF Srl / Alamy Stock Photo

Markaan ka fikirno dinosaurs, maskaxdaada waxaa laga yaabaa inay isla markiiba aado makhluuqa caanka ah sida Diplodocus, Stegosaurus ama Tyrannosaurus rex. Runtii, makhluuqaadkan cajiibka ah ee xilliyadii Jurassic iyo Cretaceous waxay u yimaadeen inay sawiraan adduun ay mar ka talinayeen dinosaurs.

Laakin waxa la yaab leh - haddaysan ka sii badanayn - waa sheekada sida dinosaurs-ku u soo shaac baxay. . Sida kooxdan gaarka ah ee xayawaanku ay u noqdeen kuwo awood badan malaayiin sano. Waa sheeko ay ka mid yihiin dhacdooyinka dabar goynta guud, yaxaasyada ugaadhsiga weyn ee ugaadhsiga weyn iyo waxyaalaha qarsoon ee ay weli culimada palaeontologists isku dayayaan inay ogaadaan ilaa maantadan la joogo

Haddaba, goorma iyo sidee bay dinosaurs-ku u soo baxeen, maxayse ahaayeen noocyada ugu horreeya ee dinosaur?

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Dabar goynta Permian

> Si aan u sheegno sheekada kor u kaca dinosaurs, waxaan u baahanahay inaan dib ugu laabano sheekadooda asalka ah. Tani waxay dib inoogu soo celinaysaa ilaa 252 milyan oo sano, ilaa xiligii ka horeeyay Triassic: the Permian period.

Xilliga Permian waxay ahayd wakhti ay dunidu ka koobnayd hal qaarad oo wayn oo la odhan jiray Pangaea. Cimiladu waxay ahayd mid kulul oo qalalan. Waxay ahayd deegaan adag oo aan cafis lahayn. Laakiin si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhir badan iyo xayawaanno ayaa la qabsaday oo kobcay intii lagu jiray. Xoolahaas waxaa ka mid ah.tusaale ahaan, waxay ahaayeen awoowayaasha naasleyda.

Amphibians Permian: Actinodon, Ceraterpeton, Archegosaurus, Dolichosoma, iyo Loxomma. Waxaa qoray Joseph Smit, 1910.

Sawirka Xuquuqda: iyada oo loo sii marayo Wikimedia Commons / Domain Dadweynaha

> Laakin c. 252 milyan oo sano ka hor, masiibo ayaa ku habsatay deegaanka Permian. Runtii, masiibo ayaa si khafiif ah u dhigaysa. Waxay ahayd dhacdo masiibo ah oo weyn, dhacdadii ugu waynayd ee dhimashada wadareed ee taariikhda Dhulka.

Folkaanaha mega ayaa ka qarxay Ruushka casrigan. Magma waxay ka soo qulqulaysay folkaanahan malaayiin sano. Markii magma-gu ugu dambeyntii joogsaday, lava wuxuu daboolay kumanaan mayl laba jibaaran Pangaea oo dhan. Tani waxay u egtahay mid xun oo ku filan kuwa ku nool adduunka Permian, laakiin ka sii darani waxay ahayd in la raaco. Laabada dhinaceeda, gaas badan ayaa ka soo baxay dhulka dushiisa. Tani waxay iyaduna keentay kulayl caalami ah oo halis ah, taas oo sababtay in hab-nololeedyada Permian ay si dhakhso ah isu beddelaan oo ay sababtay dhacdo dabargoyn ballaaran ah. Ku dhawaad ​​95% dhammaan noocyada Permian way dhinteen. Sida dhakhtarka palaeontologist Dr Steve Brusatte sharaxay:

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"Waxay ahayd nolosha ugu dhow ee abid si buuxda loo tirtiro." Noloshu waxay mar hore ku adkaysatay dhawr dhacdo oo hore oo dabar goyn ah oo taariikhda adduunka ah, waxayna mar kale ku samaysay dhacdadii baabi'inta Permian. Noocyada qaar ayaa ka badbaaday masiibadaan: nasiibka 5%.

Dadka badbaaday waxay ahaayeen noocyo kala duwan oo xayawaan iyo noocyo dhir ah, oo ay ku jiraan.awoowayaasha dinosaurs, 'dinosaurmorphs'. Awowayaashan dinosaurs waxay ahaayeen xamaarato yaryar - aad u degdeg badan oo aad u firfircoon - kuwaas oo si degdeg ah uga faa'iidaystay adduunka cusub ee raacay ka dib dabar-goynta Permian, oo loo yaqaan xilligii hore ee Triassic. Waxaan ognahay tan sababtoo ah cilmi-baarayaasha palaeontologists waxay heleen raad iyo sawir gacmeedyo dinosaurmorphs yaryar kuwaas oo taariikhda ku jira hal milyan oo sano gudahood ee qarxinta volcano mega.

Dambaska dhacdadii weynayd ee Permian, awoowayaashii dinosaurs ayaa soo baxay. Masiibadan weyn waxay aakhirka u gogol xaaraysaa waaberiga Dinosaur-yada iyo kacdooda ugu dambaynta. Laakiin kor u kacaas ayaa qaadan doona waqti. Dhowr milyan oo sano, dhab ahaantii.

Dinosaurs-yadii ugu horreeyay ee run ah

Fossils-kii ugu horreeyay ee la helay ee makhluuqa ay cilmi-baarayaasha palaeontologists ay ku calaamadiyeen dinosaurs run ah taariikhda c. 230 milyan oo sano ka hor. Dhakhaatiirta palaeontologists maanta, kala soocida in xayawaanku ahaa dinosaur ama uusan ahayn xarun ku wareegsan haddii ay leeyihiin astaamo gaar ah, gaar ahaan agagaarka bowdada iyo miskaha. Sidaa darteed, dinosauryada runta ah ee ugu horeyay ee loo yaqaan waxay taarikhdu ku beegan tahay bartamihii Triassic, c. 20 milyan oo sano ka dib dhacdadii dabar-goynta weyn iyo dinosaurmorphs-kii ugu horreeyay.

Goob muhiim ah oo ay dhakhaatiirta palaeontologists ka heleen qaar badan oo ka mid ah lafo dinosauryada ugu horreeya waxay ku taal Argentina, gudaha Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin. Tusaalooyinka dinosauryada hore ee halkan laga helaywaxaa ka mid ah awoowaha sauropod Eoraptor iyo daawaynta hore ee Herrerasaurus.

Waxaa muhiim ah in halkan lagu adkeeyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuwani waa xayawaannada dinosaurka dhabta ah ee ugu da'da weyn oo ay yaqaaniin palaeontologists. Waxaa hubaal ah in ay jiraan fossils dinosaur ka da' weyn, oo aan weli la helin. Iyadoo taas maskaxda lagu hayo, dinosaurs-kii ugu horreeyay ee run ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay si fiican u soo baxeen intii u dhaxaysay 240 iyo 235 milyan oo sano ka hor.

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A Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis dinosaur fossil ee madxafka. Image shot 2010. Taariikhda saxda ah oo aan la garanayn.

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Hka hooska pseudosuchians

Inta badan, haddaysan ahayn dhammaan, xilliga Triassic, dinosaurs ma ahayn noocyada ugu sarreeya. Ma ay ahayn xayawaanka ugu kala duwan, mana ahayn kuwa ugu badan. Ma aysan joogin meesha ugu sareysa silsiladda cuntada, sida uu qabo Dr Steve Brusatte:

"Dinosaurs waxay ahaayeen door ciyaartoy inta badan, haddii aysan ahayn dhammaan, Triassic."

Cwaanka xayawaanka ugu sarreeya lahaansho meelo kale intii lagu jiray Triassic. In webiyada iyo harooyinka, waxa iska lahaa salamanders Rafaa, kuwaas oo ahaa amphibians aad u weyn in ay ugaadhsi lahaa on dinosaur kasta oo ku dhiiraday in aad u dhow biyaha. sida dugaagga. Intii lagu jiray Triassic, pseudosuchian-yadu waxay ku kala duwan yihiin guulo waaweyn. Qaar ka mid ah 'crocs-yadii hore' waxay lahaayeen af-gariir, halka kuwa kale, sida Postosuchus caanka ah, ay ahaayeen ugaarsiga ugu sarreeya. Sida Dr Steve Brusattewuxuu yidhi:

“(waxaa jiray) maalqabeen hodan ah oo candhuuf qadiimi ah waxayna ahaayeen kuwa runtii gacanta ku hayay mareegaha cuntada ee dhulka. Waxay ahaayeen ugaarsadaha ugu sarreeya inta badan hab-nololeedyada… Dinosaurs-yadu runtii waxay ku dhex milmeen waxa ahaa adduunyo ay ka taliyaan croc-ku. oo leh kala duwanaansho xaddidan inta lagu jiro xilliga Triassic. Laakiin tani ma sii jiri doonto weligeed.

Tusaale ku saabsan xilliga Triassic.

Sawirka Credit: Sawirrada Taariikhda Sayniska / Sawirka Alamy Stock

>> Muddadii Triassic ayaa sii socotay. waayo c. 50 milyan oo sano, ilaa ay dhacdo dabar-goyn kale oo weyni dhacday. Qiyaastii 200 milyan oo sano ka hor, qaaradaha sare ee Pangea ayaa bilaabay inay kala go'aan. Dhulku wuu dhiigbaxay lava, oo leh qaraxyo foolkaanooyin waaweyn oo mar kale dhacaya oo waara c. 600,000 sano. Mar kale, tani waxay keentay kulaylka caalamiga ah, taas oo mar kale kicisay dhacdo ballaaran oo dabargoyn ah.

Markan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibbanayaasha waaweyn ee dhacdadan dabargoynta waxay ahaayeen pseudosuchian iyo amphibians waaweyn. Noocyo yar oo mid kasta ka mid ah ayaa badbaaday, laakiin intooda badan way dhinteen. Kuwa badbaaday, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahaayeen dinosaurs. Sababta ay dinosaurs-yadu si cajiib ah ugu adkaysteen masiibadii-Triassic-ga oo ay si fiican ula qabsadeen hab-nololeedyada deg-degga ah ee isbeddelka cimilada ee ka dhashay waa qarsoodi, iyo cilmi-baarayaasha palaeontologists ayaan weli helin jawaab la taaban karo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sabab kasta ha ahaateeadkaysigoodii aan caadiga ahayn ee wakhtigan masiibada ah, Dinosaurs-yadu way badbaadeen, iyaga oo u gogol xaaraya in ay caan ka noqdaan dunida cusub ee qaaradaha badan ee timi Triassic ka dib: xilligii Jurassic. Malaayiin sano ka dib, dinosaurs ayaa kori doona. Waxay u kala duwanaan lahaayeen ilaa heerar cajiib ah waxayna ku fidi lahaayeen aduunka oo dhan. Waagii xilligii Jurassic ayaa yimid. 'Da'da dahabka' ee dinosaurs ayaa bilaabmay.