Waxaa loo malaynayaa inay tixraac u tahay Safarkii Lumay ee Franklin. Xuquuqda Sawirka: piv-57-s185-57-r43

Kabtanka Sir John Franklin wuxuu ahaa sarkaal sare oo caan ah oo caan ah waqtigiisii. markabkii ugu horeeyay ee ku wareego Australia, soo saaraha iyo sahamiyaha koonfur-galbeed ee dhamaadka rajada Waqooyi-Galbeed ee marinka, iyo Badhasaabkii Van Diemen's Land halkaas oo si weyn loogu ammaanay sida bini'aadantinimada leh ee uu ula dhaqmo dadka la soo degay iyo kuwa la xukumay labadaba.

Waxa loo yaqaanay ‘Ninkii kabaha cunay’ kadib markii uu ka badbaaday isgoysyada woqooyiga Kanada, markabkiisa HMS Rainbow waxa loo yaqaanay ‘Franklin’s Jannada’ markii uu diiday in uu karbaash ku sameeyo ciqaab ahaan. 2>

Ilaa musiibadii Captain Scott, Franklin wuxuu had iyo jeer ahaa tusaalaha sahaminta cirifka inkasta oo socdaalkiisii ​​uu ku dhamaaday murugada. Waxa uu xidhan yahay qaabka 1843–1846 ee Royal Navy koofiyada dabada ka qaawiyay , 59-jirka Franklin wuxuu codsaday in magaciisa loo tixgeliyo inuu hoggaamiyo ganacsiga.

Markii hore, Admiralty-ga ayaa ka caga jiiday inuu u hoggaansamo da'diisa awgeed, laakiin saraakiisha kale ee khibradda u leh, oo ay ku jiraan kuwan oo kale ah.ka dib?

Dhammaan su'aalahan iyo qaar kale oo badan, oo ku saleysan adeeggaygii lixda iyo soddonka sano ee aan ku jiray ciidamada badda ee Royal iyo afar safar oo aan ku dhex maray barafka iyo dhulka goobta masiibada, ayaa lagu sahamiyay No Earthly Tiirka.

E. C. Coleman waxa uu ka soo shaqeeyay Ciidanka Badda ee Royal 36 sano, kaas oo ay ku jiraan wakhtiga marka uu saaran yahay markab diyaarad, bad-hoosaad, iyo calanka Nelson, HMS Victory. Muddadaas waxa uu fuulay afar safar oo Arctic ah isaga oo raadinaya caddaynta 1845kii Sir John Franklin Expedition.

Wuxuu qoray buugaag badan oo ku saabsan badda, polar, medieval iyo Victorian wuxuuna ku darsaday hordhaca laba qaybood oo ah Captain Scott's xusuus qor. Waxa uu ku nool yahay Lincolnshire. Ma jiro cirifka dhulka oo la daabici doono 15ka Sebtembar 2020, oo uu qoray Amberely Publishing

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>Magacyo caan ah sida John iyo James Ross, William Parry, Frederick Beechey, iyo George Back, ayaa taageeray Franklin aakhirkiina waa la doortay. Waxay dhiseen maraakiib hore oo bambaanooyin ah oo khibrad badan oo cirifka ah hore loogu helay.

Waxaa lagu rakibay tareenadii hore ee tareennada oo ah ilo koronto oo dheeri ah, waxay sidoo kale haysteen furayaasha markabka iyo biraha loo qaabeeyey si ay biyaha uga fogaadaan. haddii ay baraf u hanjabeen. Dhawr ka mid ah saraakiishu waxay lahaayeen waayo-aragnimo cidhiidhi ah, shirkadihii markabkana dhamaantood waxay ahaayeen mutadawiciin.

Safarku wuxuu dhoofay 19kii Maajo 1845, isaga oo wacaya Stromness on Orkney, iyo jasiiradaha Galbeedka Greenland ee Disko Bay. Ka dib markii ay isweydaarsadeen calaamado laba markab oo nibiriga ku yaal Baffin Bay, Franklin, raggiisii, iyo maraakiibtiisii ​​waa la waayay ka dib markii ay u socdeen dhinaca Lancaster Sound.

Waxaa ku booriyay Jane, Lady Franklin, 1848kii Admiralty iyo Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka ayaa diray safarrada raadinta. Maraakiibta raadinta waxay galeen Lancaster Sound oo waxay ka baadheen dhanka galbeed ee marinka Parry iyo qabuuraha saddex nin oo Franklin ah ayaa laga helay Jasiiradda Beechey ee ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee kanaalka

>> Golaha Arctic ayaa qorsheynaya raadinta Sir John Franklin ee Stephen Pearce, 1851. Bidix ilaa midig waa: George Back, William Edward Parry, Edward Bird, James Clark Ross, FrancisBeaufort (fadhi), John Barrow Jnr, Edward Sabine, William Alexander Baillie Hamilton, John Richardson iyo Frederick William Bechey.

Daah-furka caddaynta

Ugu dambayntii, 1859-kii, sahan-raadis ah oo hoos imaanaya amarka Kabtan Francis McClintock ayaa helay cadaymihii ay dhamaantood baadi goobayeen.

Dooni markab ay la socdeen qalfoof iyo hadhaagii kale ayaa laga helay xeebta koonfur-galbeed ee jasiiradda King William Island, jasiirad ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee Peel. Dhawaaq.

Sidoo kale eeg: 10 Xaqiiqo oo ku saabsan Samurai

Ahmiyadda tan ka sii weyn, ku xigeenka McClintock, Lieutenant William Hobson, ayaa farriin ka helay cairn xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee jasiiradda.

William Hobson iyo raggiisa. Helitaanka cairn oo leh "Dhibcaha Guusha" note, Back Bay, King William Island, May 1859.

> Qoraalku wuxuu sharxay in maraakiibta Franklin ay cidla noqdeen ka dib laba jiilaal oo lagu xiray barafka '5 horyaal NNW' ee goobta degitaanka. Franklin wuxuu dhintay bishii Juun, 1847, iyo badbaadayaashu waxay ku soo degeen King William Island iyagoo rajeynaya inay u sii gudbaan dhinaca koonfureed.

Inta kale, mid ka mid ah shaqaalaha Hudson's Bay Company, John Rae, ayaa England ku soo laabtay isaga oo wata farshaxanno uu ka helay safarkii Franklin ee uu ka helay Inuit maxalliga ah.

> waxa uu la yimid sheekooyin dad-cuninimo ah oo uu ku andacoodey in uu ka maqlay isla Inuit, sheegashooyinkaas oo ay si buuxda u diideen dhammaan dadkii yaqaanay Franklin iyo isaga.rag. Mid ka mid ah Inuit ma uusan booqan goobta uu ka dhacay masiibada Franklin, mana jiro qof Rae u soo galbiyay goobta. Socdaalkii weli nool – Rae wuxuu ku orday badweynta Atlaantigga isagoo ku andacoonaya inuusan ogeyn wax abaal-marin ah si uu u helo caddaynta socdaalkii Franklin iyo, sidoo kale, isagoo sheeganaya inuu helay marinka Waqooyi-Galbeed.

A dib u soo noolaynta xiisaha

Sheekada socdaalkii Franklin ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u gashay taariikhda kaliya in dib loogu soo celiyo dhaldhalaalka sumcadda xun markii 1984-1986 safar Canadian ah oo ay hogaaminayeen aqoonyahanno ay kala direen meydadka Beechey Island.

Si aad u ololaysa dareenka warbaahinta, iyo daabacaadda buug-gacan, ayaa lagu sheegay in baaritaan lagu sameeyay dadka dhintay (iyo kordhinta, dhammaan badmaaxiinta safarka) ay ogaadeen inay u dhinteen sunta rasaasta.

In la eego in fikradda noocaas ahi ay si cad u ahayd wax aan macno lahayn si buuxda loo dhego-tiray oo laga eryay gacanta. Falcelintan ayaa ah tii igu kaliftay inaan afar safar ku tago King William Island si aan aniga qudhayda u baadho, una gaadho gabagabadayda.

Intii lagu jiray 1992-93dii socdaalo kale oo Canadian ah oo ay hogaaminayeen tacliintu waxay booqdeen Erebus Bay, goobta uu McClintock ka helay doontii markabka. Tiro badan oo ahLafaha bini'aadamka ayaa laga helay godad ay ku xareeyeen duullaan Maraykan ah 1878.

Aad ugu farxeen hoggaamiyeyaasha safarka, lafaha kaliya ma 'xaqiijiyeen' sheegashada sunta rasaasta, laakiin 'calaamadaha gooyay Lafaha qaar ayaa si isku mid ah u xaqiijiyay sheekadii Inuit ee uu faafiyay Rae Si loo dejiyo fikradda dad-cunida ee shubka ah, 2015, aqoonyahannada ayaa go'aamiyay in lafaha qaar la 'dhariga la nadiifiyay' sida kuwa cuna saaxiibadood ay karkariyo lafaha si ay u helaan dhuuxa ku jira.

<1 Sannadkii 2006, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Kanada, Stephen Harper, wuxuu go'aansaday in saynisyahannada ay dowladdu u shaqeyso aysan awoodin inay si toos ah ula xiriirto warbaahinta iyo dadweynaha.>Intaa waxaa dheer, dhammaan dukumeentiyada dowladda iyo xogta kale waa in la sameeyaa. in la burburiyo ama la qabto si ammaan ah oo liddi ku ah daabacaadda. Cilmi-baarista sayniska si weyn ayaa loo gooyay, saynisyahannadu waa la eryay boqollaalkoodii. Waxaa la xiray xarumaha cilmi-baarista iyo maktabadaha dowladda.

Dabadeed, sidoo kale 2006-dii, badweynta Bahamas oo ka babanaysa calanka Bahamas ayaa ka shiraacday marinka Waqooyi-Galbeed, sannadkii xigay, Ruushku wuxuu sheeganayay cirifka Waqooyi iyo Meelaha kale ee Arctic ee ku salaysan

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'xog cilmiyeed ballaaran oo la ururiyay sannado badan oo sahaminta Arctic',

inkasta oo ay dhab ahaantii ku saleysan tahaywax yar oo ka badan muunad ciid ah oo laga soo qaaday sagxadda badda ee cirifka hoose ee tiirarka iyo soo rididda calankii Ruushka ee titanium oo isku meel yaalla.

Raadinta HMS Erebus iyo HMS Terror

Sannadkii 2013, Ra'iisul Wasaaruhu wuxuu bilaabay inuu dano siyaasadeed ka yeesho madax-bannaanida Arctic. Sannadkaas, socdaal ay dawladu maalgelisay oo biyaha hoostooda ah ayaa lagu rakibay si loo baadho burburka HMS Investigator, markabkii raadinta Franklin ee uu ka tagay Taliye Robert McClure markii uu ku hoggaamiyey raggiisii ​​badbaaday ee lugeynaya oo ku dhex mariyey marinka.

Markabka si fudud ayaa loo helay (waxaa hawada laga arkay sanado badan ka hor). Tani waxay keentay safarro badan, oo ay dawladdu kafaalo qaaday iyo kuwa si gaar ah loo maalgeliyay, kuwaas oo baadigoobaya maraakiibtii Franklin ee luntay.

Markale, shaqaale dawladeed looma ogolayn inuu la xidhiidho warbaahinta - dhammaan xidhiidhada noocaas ah waxay ahayd in la soo mariyo dawlad idman. ilo-wareedyo, ay si dhow ula socdaan koox yar oo ka mid ah madaxda sare ee dawladda.

>Kaliya xukunkan waxa ka reeban Guddoomiyaha iyo Madaxwaynihii hore ee Ururka Jaaliyaadka Royal Geographical Society ee Kanada, isla shakhsigii qoray buuga ku saabsan safarradii 1980-aadkii horraantii Jasiiradda Beechey (inkasta oo aanu waligiis safar ku jirin), isla markaana saaxiib dhow la ah Ra’iisal Wasaaraha.

Markii natiijada si cad loogu dhawaaqay (Ra’iisul Wasaaraha) waxaa caalamka oo dhan laga aqoonsaday guul weyn. Biladaha ayaa la alifayoo la abaalmariyey - xitaa kuwa aan waligood imaan meel u dhow daahfurka. Socdaalkii Franklin ee lumay (Credit: Alex Guibord / CC)

Arctic-ka Kanadiyaanka waxa uu ahaa mid ammaan ah oo ku jira gacmaha milkiilayaasha saxda ah - dadka Kanadiyaanka ah. Qaranimadii baa la aas aasay, doorashaduna waa laga dareeray.

Markaa waxaa dhacday arrin yaab leh. Aqoonyahanada iyo, ugu yaraan hal 'qof caan ah' ayaa go'aansaday in guushu ay tahay in hoosta laga xariiqo - maaha in la sii xoojiyo guulaha Kanadiyaanka (oo aan qofna caqabad ku ahayn) laakiin weerar joogto ah oo lagu qaaday Franklin, Royal Navy, iyo Ingiriisi.

Socdaalkii Ingriiska kuwaas oo naqshadeeyayaashu ay doonayeen in ay muujiyaan sarraynta sayniska Ingriiska ee aqoonta Inuit.'

Professor ka qaybqaatay socdaalkii Erebus Bay waxa uu caddeeyey in 'su'aasha sunta rasaasta la xalliyey.' Qoraa kale ayaa buunbuuniyay in Franklin's Carmalku waxay qaadday olole sumcad dil ah' oo ka dhan ah Rae 'oo ay taageerayaan qoraallada cunsurinimada ee Charles Dickens'.Franklin iyo raggiisa, kuwaas oo dhamaantood iska indho-tiray su'aalaha faraha badan ee jawaabaha u baahan.

Tusaale ahaan, laga bilaabo 1984 ilaa 2018, inkastoo caddaynta lidka ku ah sunta rasaasta, arrintu aad bay u faaftay oo loo arkay inaan laga jawaabin - weli, 2018-kii daraasad dhab ah oo la adeegsanayo habka fudud ee isbarbardhigga ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in helitaankooda

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Su'aasha ah dad-cunida, aqoonyahannada waxay ku adkaysteen in 'calaamadaha la gooyay' ee lafaha Erebus Bay ay caddayn u tahay in badmareennada Ingiriiska ay is cuneen. Sababta ay hadalkaas macna-darrada ah u sheegeen waxay ahayd in Inuit ay ahaayeen 'dad dhagax ah' oo aan biraha heli karin.

Runtii qabiilka deegaanka ayaa mar hore sumcad ku yeeshay in ay si gardaro ah u kaxeeyaan qabiillada kale iyaga oo adeegsanaya hub la sameeyay. buur bir ah oo Kabtan John Ross uu kaga tagay albaabkooda. Caddaynta tilmaamaysa lafaha dheddigga ah iyo kuwa yaryar ee ragga laga helay Erebus Bay, ayaa, markii hore, gebi ahaanba si khaldan loo fasiray, ka dibna la iska indho-tiray. oogada Arctic ee qallafsan ayaa sannado badan la kulma dabaylo xooggan oo aan kaliya ku tuurin xaaqyo badan, laakiin sidoo kale la duuduubo ama lagu xoqo dhulka agtiisa.

Sidoo kale eeg: Fagaaraha Cas: Sheekada astaanta ugu caansan ee Ruushka

Inta lagu jiroBaadhitaanno lagu sameeyay fikradda ah in Inuit uu weeraray badmaaxiinta, waxaa ii timid naag Inuit ah oo aqoon sare leh, waxayna si badheedh ah ugu tidhi 'dadkaygu waxay dileen dadkaagii.' Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taallo ayaa loo dhisay John Rae oo ku taal Orkney.

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John Rae, rinjiyeyn uu sameeyay Stephen Pearce.

Helitaanka maraakiibtu waxay ahayd guul aad u wanaagsan, laakiin waxaa jiray su'aalo qaar, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in laga jawaabo. Sidee, tusaale ahaan, markab culus oo ku rakiban yahay uu isaga gooyo markab go'ay, oo ku soo rogmaday badda gunteeda, oo uu kor ugu qaadi karaa jiirka xeebta, oo uu isku tuuri karaa shingle si uu shil u helo? Marka la eego dhinaca dambe ee markab quusay ayaa si faahfaahsan u tilmaamaya hab-raacyada u gaarka ah maraqyada markabka iyo rukunka markaba sawirradu si cad u muujinayaan in la burburiyay dhabbadii markabka. Oo gebi ahaanba liddi ku ah 'caadadii Adeegga?' Oo maxay tahay sababta shaagagga markabka uu uga goostay nooca weyn, labanlaaban, ee lagu arkay sawirka ka hor inta aan la dhoofin, nooca yar ee la ogaaday in uu ku habboonaan lahaa doonyaha shiraaca?

Sidee buufiska mid ka mid ah maraakiibta uga sii fogaaday biyaha muddo ku filan Inuit-ga qarniga 21-aad si uu u ogaado iyaga, haddana aan la dareemin badmaaxiinta xirfadleyda ah sida McClintock iyo kuwa kale oo ku socday isla xeebta - ka dibna in la waayay markii uu ninku soo noqday maalmo yar