Shaxda tusmada
Markii uu Ingiriisku ka dagaalamayey dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, waxa ay ahayd wakhti isbedelo waaweyn lagu sameeyey dhaq-dhaqaaqa faneed, waxaana xilligu uu si gaar ah hodan ugu yahay noocyada kala duwan ee fanka. Horumarinta sawir-qaadista ee dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad waxay rinjiyeynta ka riixday gaar ahaan xaqiiqada, koox ballaadhan oo la yiraahdo muujinta. Dhaqdhaqaaqa waxa uu doonayey in uu dunida u soo bandhigo si macquul ah, isaga oo si xagjir ah u qalloocinaya saamaynta shucuureed - fanaaniinta caanka ah sida Edvard Munch, Paul Klee iyo Wassilly Kandinsky dhamaantood waxay ahaayeen kuwo muujinaya. rinjiyeynta hadal-yaqaanka ah oo si toos ah ula xidhiidha dagaalka ayaa ka muuqda Yurub oo dhan. Ingriiska, qaar ka mid ah shaqooyinka caanka ah ee la xidhiidha dagaalka ayaa ka tagay qaababka dhabta ah oo lagu daray isbeddelka Futurismka Talyaaniga iyo Cubism si loo abuuro Vorticism. Dagaalada warshadaha, muuqaalka burburay iyo argagaxa goobta dagaalka ayaa ku haboon qaababka casriga ah, iyo farshaxanku inta badan waxa uu ka baxsaday xaqiiqadii hore.
Xaqiiqdii iyo dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka
Iyadoo waaqiciga ay ka tageen fanaaniinta qaarkood– gaar ahaan ka dib Naxdintii ka dhacday Battle of The Somme - waxay u adkaysatay koorsada dagaalka. Farshaxaniistaha caanka ah ee muddada dagaalka ka hor wuxuu ahaa Richard Caton Woodville, kaasoo lahaa guddiyo joogto ah Illustrated London News. Shaqooyinkiisa ku saabsan iskahorimaadyadii Ingiriiska ee Afgaanistaan iyo Dagaalkii Boer waxay kiciyeen dareen riwaayado ah,Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha).
Guulaystayaashii Eric Kennington (1920)
' Guulaystayaashii' Eric Kennington, 1920. (Sawirka Credit: 19710261-0812 Canadian War Matxafka / Domain Dadweynaha Kanada / Domain Dadweynaha)
Waxaan Sameyneynaa Adduun Cusub oo uu qoray Paul Nash (1918)
> 40>'Waxaan Sameyneynaa Adduun Cusub' oo uu qoray Paul Nash, 1918. : Art.IWM ART 1146 Imperial War Museums collection / Public Domain).
Mid ka mid ah sawirada xusuusta leh ee dagaalka, cinwaanka 'We Are Making A New World' ayaa ku jeesjeesa hammigii hogaamiyayaashii hore ee dagaalka. Waxay muujinaysaa fikradda ah in duni cusub laga dhex abuuray muuqaalkan qalloocan, waxaana lagu andacoonayaa in jeexjeexyada dhulku ay u taagan yihiin dhagaxyo xabaal ah oo loogu talagalay adduun dhawaan tagay.
Ka dib
>Saxiixa Nabadda Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th Juun 1919 waxaa qoray Sir William Orpen (1919)> 41>'Saxiixa nabadda ee Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919' by Sir William Orpen, 1919. Versailles waxay ahayd nabaddii lagu heshiiyey, dejinteeduna waxay ahayd dhammaadkii dagaalka. Laakiin waxa ku xardhan wejiyada kuwa ku yaal hoolka muraayadaha oo dhan waa nabadda aan la hubin ee uu heshiisku noqon doonokeen.
In badan oo ka mid ah shuqulladan ayaa diyaar u ah in lagu daawado Matxafka Dagaalka Imperial ee London. > 2> raynrayn iyo raynrayn waddaniyadeed oo ay ku sii isticmaali jireen dagaalkii koowaad ee Adduunka ee ay adeegsanayeen fanaaniin Ingiriis ah.
Charge of the Light Bridge (Left, 1894) & Maiwand: Badbaadinta Qoryaha (Xuquuqda, 1883) ee Richard Caton Woodville
' Kharashka Buundada Iftiinka ', 1894 & 'Maiwand: Badbaadinta Qoryaha' 1883 - labadaba Richard Caton Woodville. (Image Credit: Public Domain).
Aragtida jacaylka ah ee dagaalku waxa ay haysay tarjumaadda Ingiriiska ee isku dhaca Imperial. Muuqaallada ku lug leh fardooleyda ayaa si joogto ah loo rinjiyeeyay, laakiin 1916-kii mawduucani wuxuu ahaa mid gebi ahaanba duugoobay.
Kanada ee Ypres ee William Barnes-Wollen (1915) Waxaa qoray William Barnes-Wollen, 1915. (Sawirka Caddaynta: Matxafyada Milatariga ee Calgary / Domain Dadweynaha)
Halkan qaab-dhismeedka dhabta ah, qaab sawireed ayaa weli ah - inkasta oo burburka dagaalka weli la xaqiijinayo.
Futurism iyo Vorticism
Futurismku waxa uu xoojiyey oo ammaanay mawduucyada la xidhiidha mustaqbalka - sida xawaaraha, farsamada iyo rabshadaha. Ka soo jeeda Talyaaniga, dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay tiro fanaaniin British ah - gaar ahaan CRW Nevinson iyo Vorticists.
Charge Of The Lancers by Umberto Boccioni (1915)
> 11>> 'The Charge Of The Lancers' uu qoray Umberto Boccioni, 1915. (Sawirka Credit: Wikiart / Public Domain)' Haddii mustaqbalka ay soo dhaweeyeen wakhtigan, waxa ay sidoo kale diiday wixii hore.' Umberto Boccioni ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwaas.kuwaas oo si cad u weeraray dhaqankii fogaa, qarnigii 19-aad ee fanka Mediterranean-ka isagoo si cad u garwaaqsaday qaylada, xaqiiqooyinka firfircoon ee iskahorimaadka taagan> Daraasad loogu soo Laabtay Trenches-ka CRW Nevinson,1914. (Image Credit: Tate / Public Domain)
Nevinson wuxuu yiri qaybtan 'Waxaan isku dayay inaan muujiyo dareenka ay soo saartay foolxumada muuqata iyo caajisnimada dagaalka casriga ah. Farsamadayada Futurist waa habka kaliya ee suurtogalka ah ee lagu muujin karo arxandarrada, rabshadaha iyo naxariis darada ee dareenka lagu arkay laguna dareemay goobaha dagaalka ee Yurub.'
Study for Sappers at Work by David Bomberg (1919)
Daraasad loogu talagalay 'Sappers at Work' oo uu qoray David Bomberg, 1919. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 2708 oo laga soo aruuriyay Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha) Dhacdo markii shirkad Canadian Sappers ah ay miinooyin hoos gelisay godad Jarmal ah. Waxaa lagu dhaleeceeyay inay tahay 'Futurist ilmo iska soo rididda' abuurkeeda markii Bomberg uu dhab ahaantii qurxiyay dareenkiisa xagjirka ah si uu u kobciyo qaab wakiil oo dheeraad ah.
La Mitrailleuse ee CRW Nevinson (1915)
1>'La Mitrailleuse' ee CRW Nevinson, 1915. (Sawirka Credit: Sailko, Paintings in Tate Britain / CC 3.0) Christopher Richard Wynne Nevinson wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah fanaaniinta ugu caansan dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Wuxuu ahaa avant-rinjiile garde oo xiriirkii uu la lahaa kooxda Filippo Marinetti ee Futurist waxay ka muuqdeen sawiradiisa muuqda ee dagaalka gudaha iyo dibadda. Farshaxanistaha Walter Sickert ayaa rinjiyeyntan ku tilmaamay ‘hadalkii ugu awoodda badnaa uguna xoogga badnaa taariikhda rinjiyeynta.’
Homefront
Kacdoonka gudaha waxa uu siiyay agabyo kala duwan oo hodan ah fanaaniinta. Hay’adaha Dowladda ee mas’uulka ka ah hirgelinta fanka, sida Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, ayaa sidoo kale garwaaqsaday baahida loo qabo in la diiwaan geliyo saameynta dagaalka gudaha iyo sidoo kale dibadda. Isbeddellada bulsheed ee si wanaagsan loo diiwaangeliyay, sida ka-qaybgalka haweenka ee korodhay ee warshadaha culus, ayaa la diiwaan geliyay iyada oo ay weheliso saamaynta aan caanka ahayn ee dagaalka. 'Qaybaha Isku-dubarid' ee CRW Nevinson, 1917. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 692 laga soo uruuriyay Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha) 16>
'Warshad Canadian Warshad' oo uu qoray Percy Wyndham Lewis (Sawirka Credit: Isticmaalka Cadaalada).
> Hormood u ahaa dhaqdhaqaaqa Vorticism-ka, Percy Wyndham Lewis waxa uu u adeegay madaafiicda Royal ilaa 1917 kadibna sidii Fanaanka Dagaalka Rasmiga ah ilaa dhamaadka dagaalka. Qaabkiisa xagal, nus-abstract ah wuxuu ka soo qaatay Cubism iyo Futurism, waxayna si gaar ah u deymisay si ay u muujiso muuqaallada mashiinnada ficilka ah.Acetylene Welding by CRW Nevinson (1917)
> Qalabka loo yaqaan 'Acetylene Welder'1917 waxaa qoray CRW Nevinson. (Sawirka Sawirka: Art.IWM ART 693 laga soo ururiyay Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha). > Samaynta Matoorka ee CRW Nevinson (1917)
1> 'Samaynta Matoorka' ee CRW Nevinson, 1917. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 691 a laga soo ururiyay Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha).> 3> Safka hore> Sanadihii hore ee riwaayadaha dagaalku waxay ahaayeen kuwo gebi ahaanba diyaar u ah inay si daacad ah uga qaybqaataan dhaqanka xamaasadda leh ee dagaalka iyagoo soo saaray shaqooyin waddani ah. Muddo ka dib, sida xaqiiqada dagaalka casriga ah, ee dagaalka warshadaha lagu horumaray uu soo shaac baxay, farshaxannadu waxay isku dayeen inay qabtaan xaqiiqada waxa ay arkayaan. Xaqiiqadii geesinimada lahayd ee shaqooyinkii hore waa laga tagay, farshaxannadu waxay isku dayeen inay gudbiyaan xaqiiqo ka baxsan baaxadda waayo-aragnimada dadka intooda badan iyagoo u jeestay qaababka dhabta ah. A Star Shell (Left, 1916) iyo Bursting Shell (Right) . Bursting Shell' © Tate / CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0). Harvest of Battle waxaa qoray Christopher Nevinson (1918)
“Goorashada Dagaalka” waxaa qoray Christopher Nevinson, 1918.hub cusub. Nevinson wuxuu ku tilmaamay goobta uu rinjiyeyntani ku salaysan yahay: 'Muqaal caadi ah ka dib markii la weeraray waaberiga. Dhaawaca socda, maxaabiista iyo bareleyaasha ayaa ku sii socda dhinaca dambe iyaga oo sii maraya waddanka biyo-mareenka ah ee Flanders.’ Sawir gacmeedka waxaa u xilsaartay Wasaaradda Warfaafinta ee hoolka xusuusta. Waxaa xusid mudan in askarta ka soo horjeeda ay muujinayaan in ay si wada jir ah ula halgamayaan burburka.
Sidoo kale eeg: Masiixa Madow? 10 Xaqiiqo oo ku saabsan Fred HamptonFardooleyda iyo Taangiyada Arras ee uu qoray Lieutenant Alfred Bastien (1918)
> Bastien, 1918. (Sawirka Credit: Canadian War Museum / Public Domain).Bishii Luulyo iyo Agoosto 1918 Lieutenant Bastin waxaa lagu lifaaqay farshaxan ahaan Guutada 22-aad ee Kanadiyaanka.
Reliefs at Dawn by CRW Nevinson (1917)
> 22>'Reliefs at Dawn' ee CRW Nevinson, 1917.
Samaynta Askarta Godadka waxaa qoray Eric Kennington (1917)
>
'Samaynta Askarta Jidadka' waxaa qoray Eric Kennington, 1917. (Sawirka Credit: Tate Ref: P03042 / CC).<2
Ka sarreeya ee ugu sarreeya John Nash (1918)
> 24>'Over The Top' waxaa qoray John Nash, 1918.
Rijiyeynta ugu caansan ee Nash kaas oo muujinaya guutada 1-aad ee qoriga fanaaniinta gobolka terattack ee Welsh Ride 30kii Diseembar 1917. 67 ka baxay80 nin ayaa la dilay ama la dhaawacay ku dhawaad isla markiiba.
Evening, After A Push by Colin Gill (1919)
'Evening, After A Push' waxaa qoray Colin Gill, 1919. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 1210 oo laga soo ururiyay Matxafyada Dagaalka Imperial / Domain Dadweynaha).
Taangiyada William Orpen (1917)
> 'Taangiyada' waxaa qoray William Orpen, 1917 . 1>'A Mark V Tank Going Into Action' waxaa qoray William Bernard Adenney, 1918. Habeenkii JA Churchman
>'Xariiqda Hore ee Habeenkii' waxaa qoray JA Churchman (Sawirka Xuquuqda: Matxafka Dagaalka Kanada / Domain Dadweynaha)
Ypres Salient ee Habeenkii waxaa qoray Paul Nash ( 1918)
> 29>' The Ypres Salient at Night' ee Paul Nash, 1918. Matxafyada Dagaalka / Domain Dadweynaha).
Sharacan waxa ugu tala galay Nash in uu qabto si uu u saameeyo iftiinka ka soo baxaya qaraxyada joogtada ah ee madaafiicda iyo ololka ay haysteen markii ay isku dayeen in ay maraan shabkada godka.
>> kuwa dhaawacmay iyo kuwa dhintayGassed by John Singer Sargent (1919)
> 30>'Gassed' waxaa qoray John Singer Sargent, 1919. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 1460 / Imperial War MatxafyadaCollecting / Public Domain).
Sawirkani waxa uu muujinayaa wixii ka danbeeyay weerar gaas khardal ah oo uu goob joog ka ahaa fanaanku. Laba kooxood oo kow iyo toban askari ah ayaa ku soo wajahan xarun labiska oo ka soo horjeeda qorrax dhaca.
Sidoo kale eeg: Siday Viking-ku u dhisteen dhererkooda oo ay ugu dhoofiyeen dhul fogDiyaarad la socda oo dhaawac ah oo soo gaadhay goob dhar-xidhid ah oo ku taal Smol, Macedonia oo uu qoray Stanley Spencer (1919)
> 31> 1> 'Travoys Imaanshaha Dhaawaca Xarunta Dharka ee Smol, Macedonia' waxaa qoray Stanley Spencer, 1919> Spencer waxaa loo wakiishay inuu sameeyo rinjiyeyntan bishii Abriil 1918 ee Guddiga Xusuus-qorka Dagaalka Ingiriiska. Erayadiisa Spencer wuxuu rabay inuu tuso "Ilaah waxyaalihii dhabta ahaa ee qaawanaa, gaadhi lulmo ah, dooxooyin, xariijimo baqal xun." soo afjaridda qulqulka." Matxafyada Dagaalka / Domain Dadweynaha).Skicidda Askarta ee Stanley Spencer (1929)
'Dib u soo noolaynta askarta' ee Stanley Spencer, 1929. (Sawirka Credit: Wikiart) Isticmaalka cadaalada ah)
Sawirku wuxuu dib u sawirayaa goobtii dagaalka ee qaybta Karasulu-Kalinova ee hore ee Masedooniya 1917 iyo 1918 iyada oo loo marayo dib-u-shaqeynta dhexe iyo Renaissanceversions of Xukunka u dambeeya. Hawlaha loogu talagalay waa isku dhafan yihiin marka loo eego dhacdooyinka kala duwan ee gudaha goobtan.
>Muuqaalka Burburay
> Marka la eego qaar badan oo ka mid ah fanaaniinta ugu caansan dagaalka waxay ahaayeen farshaxan-yaqaanno muuqaal ah (sida Paul Nash) laga yaabee shaqada ugu caansan. muujinayay cidladeeda ka dib. Nabarrada muuqaalka ah ee dagaalku waxay ahaayeen kuwo qoto dheer, farshaxanno badan ayaa ku andacoonayay inay tahay kuwa ugu wanaagsan ee soo koobay musiibo aan hore loo arag.House of Ypres by AY Jackson (1917)> 34>'House of Ypres' by AY Jackson,1917. Nash, 1918-1919. (Sawirka Credit: 8640, National Gallery of Canada / Public Domain).
Shaqadani waxay xasuusinaysaa shaqadii hore ee Nevinson, iyada oo xoogga la saarayo isku-dhafka walxaha tusaalaha ah - geedo geedo ah, silig dhogorta leh - oo leh walxo joomatari ah, labadaba qalloocan. iyo xagal.
Waddada Arras ilaa Bapaume ee uu qoray CRW Nevinson (1917)
' Waddada Arras ilaa Bapaume' ee CRW Nevinson, 1917. (Sawirka Xuquuqda: Art.IWM ART 516 / Imperial War Museums Collection / Public Domain).
Wadada dheer ee ka timaada Arras ilaa Bapaume waxa ay ka fogaataa masaafo. Muuqaalkan madhan ee cidlada ah ayaa muujinaya saamaynta dhabta ah ee dagaalka casriga ah.
Wire by Paul Nash (1918)
'Wire' waxaa qoray Paul Nash, 1918. (Sawirka Credit: Art.IWM ART 2705 laga soo ururiyey ee