1890-meeyadii waxay arkeen horumarro la taaban karo oo ku saabsan horumarinta gaadiidka tareenka oo la wanaajiyay raaxada iyo tas-hiilaadka rakaabka iyadoo la hubinayo in safarrada tareenada dheer lagu raaxaysan karo halkii loo adkaysan lahaa. 2>

In kasta oo ay run tahay in qaar ka mid ah tareennada raaxaysiga ee ugu quruxda badan ay si adag u xididaysan yihiin muddadan, taariikhdu runtii aad bay u soo shaacbaxday. Ku hareeraysan safarka tareenada raaxada ayaa runtii bilaabmay badhtamihii 1880-aadkii, markaas oo bulshadu guuraysay oo dunidii hore ay soo jiidanaysay tobanaan kun oo booqasho caalami ah oo cusub Si kastaba ha ahaatee fikradda ah qabanqaabada safarka ilbaxnimada ayaa si dhib leh uga soo dhaqaaqday laga bilaabo 1862-kii, markii bandhigyada cusub ee Anglo-Scottish ay ka koobnaayeen 4 iyo 6-lugood oo aan isku xirneyn. Anglo-Scottish waxay muujisaa laakiin sannadkii 1898-kii, marinka xeebta bari waxa ku shaqaynayey 4-4-2 tamashlaha ugu horreeya. GNR's No 990 waxa uu soo galay adeega bishii Maajo ee sanadkaas (Credit: John Scott-Morgan Collection) .

Tani waxa ay ahayd caadi ka hor inta aan la qaban kaydka bogie ee laba 4-taayir leh (iyo ka dib 6-wheeled). Dhismaha bogie ee sprung wali waxay ahayd wakhti fasax ah si loo sahlo raacitaanka rakaabka.

Sidoo kale eeg: Maxaa Waddamada Yurub Geliyay Gacantii Kaligii taliyeyaasha Horraantii Qarnigii 20aad?

Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha tareenada sida Midland ayaa run ahaaraad-raacyo leh "raaxo 12 wheeler". Kuwo kale ayaan ku qanacsanayn faa'iidooyinka ay bixiyeen, iyaga oo tixraacaya xaqiiqda ah in ay ka culus yihiin, waxay u baahan yihiin gawaarida awood badan, waxayna ahaayeen shardi u ah maalgelin weyn iyo kharashyo raasumaalka ah oo ay neceb yihiin inay ku qaataan.

Dadka safarka ah, faa'iidooyinka waxay ahaayeen kuwo is caddeeyey; Gawaarida cusub ee bogie waxa ay siisay raaxo weyn iyo xoriyada lagu dhaqaaqo.

The Orient Express

Orient Express ee ugu horeeyay 1883 (Credit: Jürgen Franzke).

The Orient Express Daah-furka Orient Express bishii Oktoobar 1883 waxa ay siisay waqti muhiim ah horumarinta fikradda tareenada raaxada.

Adeeggii bilawga ahaa ee isku xidhayay caasimado badan oo Yurub ah waxa uu ku socday laba sariirood oo baabuurta hurda ah iyo gaadhi cunto oo dhexda labada geesood ama afar gees. baabuurta shandadaha.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikradda ah waayo-aragnimada safarka oo ka wanaagsan oo leh hoy wanaagsan ayaa soo jiidatay indhaha warbaahinta. xaaladaha cidhiidhiga ah ayaa si caalami ah loogu soo dhaweeyay saxafiyiinta iyo gaar ahaan dhagaystayaasha Britishka ah, kuwaas oo sii waday in ay sameeyaan inta badan macaamiisha tareenka raaxada ah. gorgortanka adag ee diyaarinta safarka inv olving hay'adaha qaranka iyo tiro badan oo shirkado tareenjeebabka dawladaha Yurub

1888 boodhadh lagu xayeysiinayo Orient Express (Credit: Jules Chéret) isku darka tartanka tareenada iyo kordhinta rajada socotada.

Qaabka ugu wanaagsan ee loo safro

1890-meeyadii waxa ay ku asteeyeen isbedel weyn oo ka dhacay Britain iyo sida ay shirkadaha tareemadu u arkayeen macaamiishooda, iyaga oo si raagay u ogaaday rajada rakaabka ee ku xeeran. Tayada safarka iyo adeegyaduba waxay ahaayeen kuwo si cad u horumaray.

>Waxay ahayd toban sano oo isbedel degdeg ah iyo jahawareer ku yimid markii sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada ay wax ka bedeleen dalka, taasoo keentay dunida casriga ah. Shirkadaha waaweyn ee tareenada waxay ahaayeen kabaal muhiim ah oo balaadhinta warshadaha wax walba oo nagu hareeraysan weligood. dabaqadda sare iyo dhexe ee wax bartay, lacagna haysta, ka faa'iidaysanaya xirfad-yaqaannimada bulshada (labada dhinac ee Atlantic), waxay muujiyeen hami shakhsi, isku kalsoonaan iyo rabitaan ah inay ka faa'iidaystaan ​​​​waxyaabaha ugu wanaagsan nolosha.

Shirkadaha tareenada iyo khadadka maraakiibta waxay ahaayeen marinnada cusub ee habab wanaagsan oo loo safro.

>

Da'da toban-jirnimada

> > 1890-aadkii waxay arkeen horumarro la taaban karo oo ku saabsan horumarinta gaadiidka xamuulka ee tareenka oo la hagaajiyay raaxada iyo tas-hiilaadka rakaabka.hubinta in safarada tareenada dheer lagu raaxaysan lahaa halkii loo adkaysan lahaa (Credit: Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans). Dhammaadka da'dii Fiktooriya waxay ahayd mid la garan karo iyadoo ay ahayd xilli hoos u dhac iyo xiisaha fanka, dhaqanka caanka ah iyo eray qoraal ah oo wax ka beddelaya muuqaalka safarka iyo baahida alaabooyinka iyo adeegyada qaaliga ah

Nasashooyinka soo noqnoqda iyo kuwa gaaban ayaa hadda ku jiray ajandayaasha safarka - jidadka tareenka ayaa si degdeg ah kuugu soo gaaray halkaas. Safarka gudaha iyo dibadaba waxa uu noqday tiirarka hab-nololeedka magaalooyinka Makhaayadaha, makhaayadaha, meelaha wax lagu cunteeyo iyo fikrado cusub oo ku xeeran daaraha raaxada ee sabbaynaya ee maraakiibta trans-Atlantic iyo tareenada doonyaha ee la socda ayaa saarnaa nashqadaha naqshadeeyayaasha iyo naqshadeeyayaasha - laakiin loo dhisay si ay u milicsadaan kala soocidda heerka bulshadu ogolaatay.

Shirkadda British Pullman 4>

Maalmihii hore ee kooxaynta tareenada, Shirkadda Baabuurta ee Pullman waxay raadinaysay inay kor u qaaddo muuqaalkooda xayaysiis iyagoo isticmaalaya khad sumad ah 'ugu badnaan raaxada ugu yar' sida ka muuqata xayaysiiskan 1924 'Buugga Sannadka Tareenka' (Credit: James S. Baldwin)

Haddaba sidee bay dhammaan fikradahan isu beddeleen siyaabo ka wanaagsan oo loogu safro tareenka? Waxaa hubaal ah in la kordhiyey isticmaalka gawaadhida bogie-ga ee dheer iyo kuwa baaxada leh ee la bixiyeyhagaajinta raaxada iyo tas-hiilaadka rakaabka.

Gangway/wadada ku xidhan bakhaarka qolalka iyo musqulaha ayaa noqday wax caadi ah. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha tareenada ayaa maalgashaday macalimiin saqaf sare leh oo bixiya iftiin dabiici ah; Saqafyada qaabaysan ee elliptical waxay noqdeen halbeeg laga soo bilaabo wakhtiyadii Edwardian markii ay kaalmaynayeen tignoolajiyada cusub ee laydhka korontada.

Tani waxay dhacday 1894 markii dynamos lagu xidhay giraangiraha bogie; Tababarayaasha laydhka yar ee adeega ugu horeeya ayaa la soo dhaafay.

Mid ka mid ah ka faa'iideystayaasha ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen London, Brighton iyo South Coast Railway's (LBSCR) Brighton Pullmans iyo tareenada doon Newhaven.

> Waxay ahayd Bilowgii 'Pullman iyo Deluxe tareenka safarka' ayaa ku dhaadhacsan isla neefta markii shirkadda British Pullman ay la timid lahaanshaha cusub.

Xilli dahabi ah oo safarka tareenada

Xayeysiiska Koonfurta Belle (Credit: Public domain).

Tiknoolajiyada gaaska ee la hagaajiyay waxay sidoo kale bixisay bey'ad nabdoon oo loogu talagalay nalka, diyaarinta cuntada, karinta iyo qaadashada cuntada, in kasta oo haddii ay dhacdo isku dhac iyo meel leexasho, gaaska qiiqa had iyo jeer waxay ahayd khatar dab ah oo suurtagal ah. oo leh tababarayaal alwaax ka samaysan.

Baabuurta cuntada oo tayo sare leh waxay siiyeen safar tareen oo casri ah "cunto socota" oo loogu talagalay rakaabka fasalka koowaad iyo saddexaad. socdaalka heerka labaad ayaa weli jiray, laakiin horumarinta adeegga cuntada ee Ingiriisku waxay ahaayeen kuwo cusub; cusubCuneeyayaasha heerka saddexaad waxay la mid ahaayeen heerka koowaad ee shirkadaha kale ee tareenada.

Tatler waxay ahayd daabacaad kale oo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay dhiirrigelinta tareenka. Tifaftirka cinwaanka ee Diseembar 1907 wuxuu ku soo beegmay barnaamijka 'Luxurious Hotels on Wheels' ee GNR (Credit: Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans) meelo aad u wacan gaar ahaan isbahaysiga uu hogaamiyo Anglo-Scottish expresses. Aragtida "huteelada wheels" waxay soo gashay luqadda maalinlaha ah

Kadib bilow adag ka dib Britain, Shirkadda Pullman waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u heshay LBSCR iyo South Eastern iyo Chatham Railway (SECR) adeegyada bixiya qaar ka mid ah magacyadii ugu horreeyay ee raaxada. tareenada.

Wakhtigii Edwardian rakaabka heerka koobaad ee hodanka ah ayaa si aad ah u kordhay; Koonfurta Belle Pullman cusub waxaa lagu tilmaamay "Tareenka ugu raaxada badan aduunka" markii la bilaabay 1908.

Sidoo kale eeg: Scoff: Taariikhda Cuntada iyo Fasalka ee Britain

Booqadaha aduunka cusub

> > Sawir ka 1885 Chicago & Jadwalka Tareenka ee Alton (Credit: Public domain).

Mid ka mid ah dareewalada ugu waaweyn ee kordhinaya tas-hiilaadka raaxada ee ay ku raaxaystaan ​​dadka musaafirka ah ayaa ahaa qiimaha iyo tirada dalxiisayaasha Adduunka Cusub ee imanaya Britain.

Saamaynta suuqa isha ee Maraykanka ee qaabaynta ajandayaasha safarka raaxada ee dalkani waxa ay ahayd saxeex muhiim ah oo wakhtiyadan ah.

Waxa la heli karaa fasalo cusub oo trans-Atlantic liners ah; ahdabaqa koowaad ee "daaraha sabbaynaya" waxay ka tarjumeen qiimaha dhaqaalaha Maraykanka ee soo-booqdaha iyo samaynta saameyn qoto-dheer iyadoo dhammaan ku lug lahaanshiyaha ay aqoonsadeen awoodda kharashka badan. Habka ugu fudud ee loo bixiyo sida ugu wanaagsan.

>Martyn Pring hadda waa qoraa iyo cilmi-baare madax-bannaan oo xiiseeya dalxiiska cunnada, suuq-geynta goobta, qaybaha caanka ah iyo taariikhda safarka. Waa nin is-qiran oo tareen, badda iyo duulista xiiseeya ilaa yaraantiisii. Waa qoraaga Luxury Railway Travel: Taariikhda Bulshada iyo Ganacsiga ee ay daabacday Qalin iyo Seef.

> 2>